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This accession is stated to be an example of the 'Araras' strain but little information is available as to how this differs from the standard 'Bahianinha'. There have been various other selections recently brought into the US that are probably quite similar: 'Bahianinha' (PI 133261), 'Bahianinha' (RCRC 4167), and 'Bahianinha Monte Parnazo' (RRUT 184). (RRK, 12/2006)

Regarding the origin of this accession, the INRA San Giuliano website, 'Avana apireno' originated in 1810 in Italy (most probably Sicily). However, Russo et al (1977), referencing Russo et al (1975), state:

"The 'Avana Apireno' mandarin was discovered in a 'Avana' orchard in the Picanello area of Catania 1962. At that time 3 trees that produced fruit with few seeds were recognized. From that time, the clonal offspring of those trees tested for many years in different places of Southern Italy have confirmed this quality...The production and quality of the fruit are similar to that of the 'Avana' and the 'Avana Apireno'...A nucellar line produced from one of the 3 original trees in 1962 has confirmed the low seediness of the mother tree. However the nucellar line has fewer seed per fruit than the mother tree..." (RR Krueger, 03/21/2008)

It is not known how this selection differs from the older 'Ugli' accession (PI 132372/RCRC 2780). The older accession was accessed directly from Jamaica (in fact from F.G. Sharp of Trout Hall, who originally popularized this variety), whereas the present accession was accessed from New Zealand. If any selecting was done in NZ, which has a cool climate, it may have resulted in a selection that obtains better quality in less tropical conditions. However, this is not known at this time. (RRK, 12/2006)

Information on 'Ugli' from the UC Riverside Citrus Clonal Protection Program.

'Maltaise (demi-) sanguine' is maintained as PI 654873 (RCRC 4085) and RCRC 4224. Those records have links to additional information on 'Maltaise (demi-) sanguine' that also contain some incidental information on 'Boukhobza'. (RR Krueger, 07/08/2011)

''Bouquetier de Nice' is vigorous and upright growing. The flowers are double with a very large pistil, which gives rise to a flat fruit of medium size that is also double, having a secondary fruit deeply embedded within the primary fruit. The leaves are large, broad, and slightly tapered. See The Citrus Industry, 1967, 1:491, and Chapot, 1964, Les Bigardiers Bouquetiers, 1 Partie, Al Awamia, 10:55-95.

Important note for fans of funky fruit: this selection was chosen for introduction to the US due to the cute horned fruits observed during the ISCN post-conference tour to Corsica in 1997. However, 'Bouquetier de Nice' is consistently described and shown in the literature as having flattened fruit (also refer to the alternate cultivar name of 'Bouquetier de Nice a Fruits Plats'). It is possible that this will end up not having horned fruits. It is also possible that the Corsica selection was mislabelled and did indeed represent a corniculated selection. In any event, there are other corniculated sour oranges presently under quarantine so at some point our desire for them should be satiated. (RRK, 12/2006)

'Apopka' is not grown commercially in California nor to best knowledge in Florida. Based upon its receipt as seed, it is quite possible that it was never considered a cultivar in Florida. In a trial at Lindcove Field Station (Tulare County, California), 'Apopka' was compared with established California navel budlines. "Although ['Apopka'] had the largest total yield, its small fruit size effectively rules it out as a commercially useful strain for California. It is similar to the high-acid navel variant which was a considerable problem in California in the 1960's..." (Nauer et al, 1985) (RR Krueger, 03/17/2008)

"[Australian navel orange] has been used indiscriminately to designate several navel orange types, all of which are very vigorous, upright growers, but shy bearers of rough, coarse fruits. The name was first applied unwittingly to a navel orange introduced from Australia which supposedly was the superior Brazilian orange that we now know as the Washington navel. Owing to the vigorous tree growth of these worthless strains, they were unintentionally propagated extensively before methods of bud selection based on fruit character and yield were introduced." (Webber, 1943, p 526-527)

"In general, the fruits are smaller than Washington, flatter in form, and sometimes broadly pointed at the apex. The navel is smaller and more deeply embedded, and the rind is thicker and rougher. The flesh is softer in texture and commonly juicier than Washington, and the season of maturity is considerably later, the flavor remaining tart until late in the season...The origin of this type of navel orange is obscure, but it is known to have gone from Brazil to Australia, from whence it was probably taken to California and South Africa. It may have originated in Brazil, as did the Washington variety, but it seems more likely to have been taken to Brazil from Portugal where a navel orange variety has long existed (Risso and Poiteau, 1818-22)." (Hodgson, 1967)

(RRK, 08/2007)

Although this accession was sanitized and released from quarantine by NCGRCD, it was given to CCPP for VI processing. (RR Krueger, 05/31/2018)

'Ambersweet' is PI 539648. PI 600671 was mistakenly assigned. When the mistake was noticed, PI 600671 was inactivated. PI 539648 should be used for 'Ambersweet'.

General descriptions of 'Ambersweet' can be found in the citations below: Anonymous (1989), Tucker et al (1998), Jackson and Futch (2003), and Saunt (2000). 'Ambersweet' was originally released as a dual use "orange" for processing and fresh market. It has the advantages of being early (mid-October - December in Florida) and moderately cold-hardy. It is interesting that extensive studies had to be done in order to classify this complex hybrid as an "orange" for processing purposes (see citations below). After being extensively planted in Florida early in its release life, various problems became apparent. As stated by Tucker et al (1998): "Trees up to six years old in commercial plantings have produced relatively low yields of poor quality fruit. However, the outlook for both production and quality improves with age especially where irrigation and nuitrition programs are carefully managed...Rooststock selection, precise cultural management and innovative marketing are some of the keys to the successof Ambersweet as a commercial variety." As per Jackson and Futch (2003): "Fruit produced on trees in solid plantings of Ambersweet are likely to be nearly seedless, while trees in mixed plantings are usually seedy due to the influence of cross pollinators. Yields of Ambersweet have proven to be commercially unsatisfactory and many plantings have been removed or topworked to more desirable varieties...Low yields and poor juice quality have relegated this variety to the dooryard...Some Ambersweet trees...have been slow starters. Trees sometimes languish for several years before commencing anticipated growth normal for a young citrus tree." Consequently "Ambersweet's potential in Florida now looks far from certain...It is losing popularlity and few plantings have been made in recent years" (Saunt, 2000, p22). See also Albrigo et al (2001) for more on the pollination issues. Teetter (1999) offers an interesting perspective on these problems from the breeder. (RR Krueger, 11/11/2010)

Fruit quality data and additional information is available from CCPP.

Note: This should not be confused with the acidless Imperiale from Spain. (WP Bitters, ca 1980?)

This accession had exocortis and probably seedling yellows, removed by shoot tip grafting (STG 60-1). (EM Nauer, 1985)

Fruit is variegated, having corregated rind with varying color stripes; flavor is fair. Might have ornamental potential. (EM Nauer, 03/23/1987)

Fruit has pretty good flavor but moderately seedy. Will plan to enter this accession to a new VI and move to the Lindcove foundation block. (EM Nauer, 01/13/1988)

Was entered as VI 473in fall 1988 but had psorosis; put into Thermo, which plants did not push well. Sched to re-enter in 1990. (EM Nauer, 11/1989)

This accession was mistakenly given PI 600658. When the error was discovered, PI 600658 was inactivated. PI 539606 should be used. (RR Krueger, 11/10/2010)

View Fruit quality data and other information from the CCPP.

This accession appears identical to [PI 539554] - Moro. See notes this date [on records for PI 238796 and PI 539554. (EM Nauer, 2/4/1988

Nucellar Moro (PI 539554) appears to be identical to this one, why keep both? (EM Nauer, 10/1988)

Why indeed? PI 539442 is the VI'ed budline. It is not clear why Bill Bitters made this seedling selection but, as Ed Nauer stated, it does appears superfluous and is therefore inactivated. Never the less, additional information andpictures are available from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. (RR Krueger, 07/03/2015)

According to Soost et al (1961) (both citations), "The Frost Navel originated as a nucellar seedling obtained in 1917 by Dr HB Frost, from a Washington Nvel tree growing in the Rubidoux Tract property of the Citrus Experinment Station in Riverside. The parent tree was not especially selected for fruit quality or yield, but was one of several varieties used for a general study of juvenility and senescence in citrus. Four budded trees were planted in 1933 on the station grounds. These, and four other trees set out in 1942, have provided budwood which has been distributed to nurserymena and growers for trial since 1947."

Hodgson (1967) (pp 480-481) states that "Frost Washington is the first, and currently much the most important, nucellar budline of the Washington navel. It was originated by HB Frost, the geneticist and breeder, at the California Citrus Research Center, Riverside, from a controlled cross made in 1916. It was not released until 1952, however. Since that time its popularity has increased until it is now more widely planted in California, Arizona, and Morocco than any other clonal selection of Washington."

'Frost Washington' is known to decline when budded onto trifoliate rootstocks (Schneider and Pehrson, 1985). (Note: As per BIll Bitters in archival material maintained at NCGRCD, the title of the cited paper is misleading since the only navels examined were Frost nucellars). Frost Washington nucellar is less planted currently than at the time of the citations due to the availability of sanitized old line 'Washington' (maintained as PI 539360. (RR Krueger, 05/2011)

Information and nice pictures of 'Frost Washington' from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

Information and fruit quality data from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program.

Genotype is the derived from PI 227929. See also the original Plant Inventory record. This was one of eight PI's (PI 227929 - PI 227936) of 'Shamouti' received as budwood at the same time from the same source. One cultivar name on file, 'Shamouti Israeli seedling #1', may refer to the fact that the different trees were seedlings in Israel.; however, this is not known. The source history of this accession is somewhat conjectural. It was apparently received by PIO, but how it got form there to California is not documented as far as known. There is a 'Shamouti' maintained by the USDA-ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory and it is possible that it went from PIO to USHRL and from there to Riverside; however, this is not known. It does not appear to have gone to the US Date and Citrus Station in Indio before going to Lindcove. In any case, it was apparently rquarantined and released by USDA, then planted at Lindcove before being indexed and released by CCPP and moved to Riverside. CCPP archival materials definitely state that the source of the original tree at Lindcove was PI 227929. For more information, see the source mentioned by Ed Nauer and noted below. (RR Krueger, 11/10/2010)

View fruit quality data and other information from the CCPP.

View nice fotos and more information from the Citrus Variety Collection.

No fruit yet. (EM Nauer, 11/1989)

The origins of this accession are somewhat unclear. There is a series of Chinese materials that were received as both budwood through the Plant Germplasm Quarantine Office in Beltsville and subsequently CCPP and as seed directly to Bob Soost (and possibly people in Florida). However, there is no current active budwood-derived accession of 'Goutoucheng'. RRUT 149 is an accession derived from budwood during this same exchange but it is currently under quarantine. The current active accession of 'Goutoucheng' is PI 539173. PI 539173 is pathogen tested and available both through the NCGRCD and with a VI number through the CCPP. There is another inactive accessions of 'Goutoucheng': RRUT 80. PI 539170, PI 539173, and RRUT 80 all appeared identical via ISSR markers (Krueger and Roose, 2003), so there is no need for more than one active accession. PI 539170 was therefore inactivated. RRUT 149 appeared to be quite different via the markers and also morphologically. It is possible that it was misidentified at some point. (RR Krueger, 05/24/2011)

Also came in as budwood import, see CRC 3983 [= PI 539645]. (EM Nauer, 01/1989)

The whole story on these (CRC 3981-3985) imports is that they came in as both budwood and seed is that the seed went to Dr Soost in 1985; the budwood went to Glenn Dale in 1985 and increase budwood came here in 1987 and went into CCPP for processing. However, in the meantime, Dr Soost grew seedlings in the greenhouse but did not inform anyone in CCPP that this material was there until he retired in 1987 and the seedling budlines were propagated for the variety collection. (EM Nauer, 01/1989, from record for PI 539172)
Note: The seed sources RCRC 3981-3985 = PI 539172, PI 539644, PI 539645, PI 539646, PI 539647 and the budwood sources RCRC 3981 = PI 539171, RCRC 3983 = PI 539641, RCRC 3984 = PI 539642, RCRC 3985 = PI 539643.

Original USDA spec sheet says this has "high total soluble solids." (EM Nauer, 06/1989)

Additional info re Jincheng received from Dr Bitters this month: This is called 'Brocade orange', also 'S26'. This variety is at No 1 place on sweet oranges recommended for Sichuan Province. All its characteristics and origin are similar to those of Xianfengcheng [PI 539644] but for differences in fruit shape (more oblong) and rind color (darker reddish-orange). 168 g per fruit, solids 12.2 %, 8 seeds per fruit; ripens earlier than Xianfengcheng, stored until May. (EM Nauer, 08/1989)

No fruit yet. (EM Nauer, 11/13/1989)

The active accession of 'Jincheng' is PI 539645, which was received as budwood and has been sanitized. This accession (PI 539641) was received as seed and was not sanitized, so there is no reason to maintain it and it is inactivated. (RR Krueger, 05/25/2011)

As a natural consequence of eagerly searching for a Satsuma-like citrus of a good looking and coming to the market a little later, Iyo attracted attention of growers especially in warmer countries where Satsuma cannot be stored satisfactorily until March-April season. It was first discovered in 1883 as a chance seedling tree in Abu-gun, Yamguchi prefecture and was introduced to the Citrus world by several leading horticulturists, finally calling attention of an Iyo nurseryman of Mochida, Matsuyama city, who propagated it and distributed it widely in the same province (Ehime Pref.). It was first called Anado in connection with its native prefecture, but then it became to be called "Iyo". It is a beautiful looking fruit, perhaps more attractive than the Santra of India...or any one of the tangors, but the quality of pulp is nothing better than the Naruto...and Sanbô...being subject to the change of flavor very soon after being picked. (Tanaka, 1961)

The Iyo is believed by Tanaka (1954) to be a natural tangor and was found about 1883 by M. Nakamura in Obu-gun, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. First described as Anado mikan in 1892, it was early introduced into Ehime (formerky Iyo) Prefecture, where it was widely planted and came to be known as Iyo. While attractive in appearance and of good flavor, it loses quality rapidly in storage and on the tree. As a result, it has been little planted in recent years. Currently, its culture is limited largely to the vicinity of the city of Matsuyama. Fruit medium-sized, subglobose to broadly obovoid, apical end shallowly depressed. Rind thick, lightly pitted, tender, and easily separable; deep orange-colkord. Medium seed content (some with pale green cotyledons). Central column broadly open and segments about 10. Flesh orange-colored; tender, very juicy, sweet; flavor rich and pleasant. Midseason in maturity. Tree vigorous. (Hodgson, 1967, p. 531)

Iyokan (C. iyo hort. ex Tanaka) was found in 1886 in a citrus orchard in Yamaguchi Prefecture and was first introduced into Ehime Prefecture, which was formerly called Iyo. It is apparently a tangor. The fruit are medium-large (200 - 300 g), can be easliy peeled,a nd are very fragrant. The segment membrane is not as thick as that of Natsumikan or Hassaku, but it is difficult to eat unless peeled. An early-maturing mutant, Miyauchi Iyokan was found in 1952, and since then plantings have been increasing. The fruits of Miyauchi have a thin skin and are seedless. Their eating quality is mcuh better than that of fruit of the common strain. In 1980, another mutant was found and called Ohtani Iyokan. Ohtani fruit have a smooth, reddish-colored skin and are very attractive. Iyokan is picked before January and is stored until shipment, which occurs from december to April with a peak in February - March. (Kitagawa and Kawada, 1986)

The fruit...is medium to large as compared with other tangors...round in shape...often slightly flattened and has a depressed area at the stem end...a most handsome and attractive fruit with a smooth or very slightly pebbled rind of deep orange colour [sic]...the rind ranges from moderately thick to chick, becoming puffy with age, and is very easily removed. The flavour [sic] is delicately sweet and free from bitterness and notably acidic...15 to 20 seeds per fruit. Most Iyokan are harvested in December then stored until marketed in the February to April period. Thereafter they become dry and rather insipid. Grown mainly in Ehime Prefecture...Iyokans are extremely popular in Japan...(Saunt, 2000)

I have nothing to add at this time except we have the Miyauchi Iyo selection and another standard Iyo selection. (R.R. Krueger, 2021-09-16)

Look! More information and great pictures from the U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

As a natural consequence of eagerly searching for a Satsuma-like citrus of a good looking and coming to the market a little later, Iyo attracted attention of growers especially in warmer countries where Satsuma cannot be stored satisfactorily until March-April season. It was first discovered in 1883 as a chance seedling tree in Abu-gun, Yamguchi prefecture and was introduced to the Citrus world by several leading horticulturists, finally calling attention of an Iyo nurseryman of Mochida, Matsuyama city, who propagated it and distributed it widely in the same province (Ehime Pref.). It was first called Anado in connection with its native prefecture, but then it became to be called "Iyo". It is a beautiful looking fruit, perhaps more attractive than the Santra of India...or any one of the tangors, but the quality of pulp is nothing better than the Naruto...and Sanbô...being subject to the change of flavor very soon after being picked. (Tanaka, 1961)

The Iyo is believed by Tanaka (1954) to be a natural tangor and was found about 1883 by M. Nakamura in Obu-gun, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. First described as Anado mikan in 1892, it was early introduced into Ehime (formerky Iyo) Prefecture, where it was widely planted and came to be known as Iyo. While attractive in appearance and of good flavor, it loses quality rapidly in storage and on the tree. As a result, it has been little planted in recent years. Currently, its culture is limited largely to the vicinity of the city of Matsuyama. Fruit medium-sized, subglobose to broadly obovoid, apical end shallowly depressed. Rind thick, lightly pitted, tender, and easily separable; deep orange-colkord. Medium seed content (some with pale green cotyledons). Central column broadly open and segments about 10. Flesh orange-colored; tender, very juicy, sweet; flavor rich and pleasant. Midseason in maturity. Tree vigorous. (Hodgson, 1967, p. 531)

Iyokan (C. iyo hort. ex Tanaka) was found in 1886 in a citrus orchard in Yamaguchi Prefecture and was first introduced into Ehime Prefecture, which was formerly called Iyo. It is apparently a tangor. The fruit are medium-large (200 - 300 g), can be easliy peeled,a nd are very fragrant. The segment membrane is not as thick as that of Natsumikan or Hassaku, but it is difficult to eat unless peeled. An early-maturing mutant, Miyauchi Iyokan was found in 1952, and since then plantings have been increasing. The fruits of Miyauchi have a thin skin and are seedless. Their eating quality is mcuh better than that of fruit of the common strain. In 1980, another mutant was found and called Ohtani Iyokan. Ohtani fruit have a smooth, reddish-colored skin and are very attractive. Iyokan is picked before January and is stored until shipment, which occurs from december to April with a peak in February - March. (Kitagawa and Kawada, 1986)

Miyauchi Iyo mutant was discovered in 1952 and is now extensively grown in Ehime Prefeccture. The tree is somewhat smaller, less vigorous and rounder in shape than the standard Iyokan but it is very productive. Although not markedly different in appearance from the regular Iyo, it is much earlier maturing, has fewer seeds and tthe quality is regarded as being superior. About 80 per cent of Iyokan plantings are of the Miyauchi selection. (Saunt, 2000)

According to the Department of Cultural Property Protection, Miyauchi Iyo was selected from an existing Iyo tree on a Miyaichi citrus farm in 1955. The original tree is still on the farm, which is now run by the discoverer's son. There is also said to be a wase (early) version of Miyauchi Iyo. (Hat tip to Yoko Hiraoka for uncovering this information). (R.R. Krueger, 2021-09-16)

Look! More information and great pictures from the U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

Original import was infected with tristeza (Thermo 1546-15,16). This import was chosen by Dr Bitters as the best appearing navel in a Japanese produce display. (EM Nauer, ca 1987)

Dr Bitters says he brought in Fukumoto navel for large size fruit and better color. NOW he tells us. Bah! and Humbug! (EM Nauer, 08/1989)

Trees of Fukumoto/Flying Dragon in SH are small and weak growing; fruit is small on average but best color of all. In 12B trees are of average vigor; fruir medium sized at best, good color. Fruit still a bit tart -- probably mid-season in maturity. (EM Nauer, 12/14/1989)

View information about 'Fukumoto' from Saunt (2000).

Although 'Fukumoto' has good early-season fruit characteristics, production problems have become apparent in California. The foaming bark rot syndrom referenced above becomes apparent within two years of planting. This is preceded by lanky growth, abnormally large leaves, and the oozing of gum at the base of the shoots and at the crotch. A crease 2 - 3 cm wide, filled with gum and bark appears at the bud union and numerous suckers develop below the union. These symptoms are especially apparent on trees budded on 'Carrizo'. Trees budded on 'C35' may have less apparent symptoms but may decline more rapidly. Similar symptoms have been observed on 'Swingle' but not on sour orange or C volckameriana (Marais and O'Connell, 2002). Research involving irrigation levels and soil pH did not result in a strong association with the decline. Declining 'Fukumotos' appeared at random throughout the various treatments. There appeared to be an association between the tree trunk gumming and ants, suggesting that ant control might be beneficial. Additional suckering might also prove beneficial. Finally, prompt replacement of declining trees is suggested in managing 'Fukumoto' plantings (Kallsen and O'Connell, 2010).

Due to these problems, 'Fukumoto' was reimported from IVIA, Valencia, Spain (where these problems have not been observed), in order to assess whether or not some contamination or change had occurred to 'Fukumoto' in California. Investigations in this area are ongoing, but it will be some time before the results are known. The new introduction is RRUT 475. (RR Krueger, 08/29/2010)

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program.

This accession appears identical to [PI 539550] - Moro. Nearly seedless, flavor fair, not as good as Ruby or Tarocco. Best external color is on fruits on north side of trees. See blood orange color comparison chart [on record for PI 238796]. (EM Nauer, 2/4/1988)

There were formerly two selections of 'Moro' maintained at Riverside: this one and PI 539550. Both were apparently selections from seedling sources. PI 539554 was originally selected at the USDA Date and Citrus Station in Indio, California. At some point, it was established in the Nucellar Block at the UC Lindcove Research and Extension Center. Whether or not it was received as seed or as budwood is not clear, but the LREC trees were the source of the VI. Since this is the VI budline and there appears to be no difference between this and PI 539550, the latter was inactivated. Additional Information and pictures are availanble from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection and the Citrus Clonal Protection Program. (RR Krueger, 7/3/2015)

From a total of 20 seeds pltd, seven germ, "singles"', four "doubles"; the four "doubles" were potted in one gal cans. (CES record, 06/29/1962)

Buds taken from 2 doubles. Does not come true to color from seed. (WP Bitters, 1963)

Does not come true to pink fruit color from seed. This accession has no pink coloration in the flesh. Polyembryonic. This accession had seedling yellows which was removed by themotherapy (Thrmo 1176-8) (EM Nauer, 1986)

No fruit yet but foliage like Shamouti. (EM Nauer, 03/1987)

Fruit compared with Shamouti and appears identical with it. Sarah originated as a budsport of Shamouti so apparently going through the seed filtered out the color and we have another Shamouti lookalike seedling line. Name changed for now; probably should discard this one on next Variety Collection repropagation - we have 2 Shamoutis CRC 3251 [= PI 539608] and 3746 [= PI 539617]. (EM Nauer, 02/08/1988)

No flesh color, appers to be a twin of Shamouti, CRC 3251 and 3746. (EM Nauer, 10/1988)

Originally received as 'Sarah' but renamed due to lack of flesh color. Although this variety does not exhibit the pink flesh that it is supposed to and would therefore appear to be just another accession of 'Shamouti' as stated by Ed Nauer, Tracy Kahn says that flavor profling by Givaudan indicate that it has some unique properties. So, it should be retained for now (unless the other 'Shamouti' accessions have the same properties. There is another accession of 'Sarah' RRUT 172 that may yet prove to have pink flesh if we can ever get it out of quarantine to plant and observe. Note that although PI 277801 was well documented as being associated with this accession, PI 539611 was assigned in error. Since the documentation for PI 277801 is good, it is used as the valid accession number and PI 539611 was inactivated. Observations were made as PI 539611 and are therefore maintained under both PI's. (RR Krueger, 09/16/2011)

This accession was heat treated about 1975 for moving our of quarantine to Lindcive. Subsequent Lindcove nucellar block tree was the bud source of 12A-37-13,14. (EM Nauer, 1986)

Foliage lanceolate, pointed, somewhat mandarin-like, with lined to narrowly winged petioles. Young growth has slightly purple tinge. Most of fruit on ground this date. Small, round, bumpy fruit of yellow to orange color. Rind medium-thick. Seedy. Flesh light yellowish orange, very sour. (EM Nauer, 02/26/1988)

The fact that this accession was received from the US Horticultural Research Laboratory in Orland suggests that it is most probably the same genotype as the inactive accession PI 77599. A description of Miaray from the original PI record for PI 77599: "A handsome ornamental Philippine tree suggested as as stock for cultivated citrus fruits. It has slender drooping willowy branches, dark-green leaves, and fruits resembling the lime in appearance and flavor." (RRK, 08/2007)

"The old Carney Grove on Lake Weir near Ocklawaha, where the Parson Brown was first propagated, was still in 1932 mainaly comprosed of this variety, but the trees were killed to the ground in the freeze of 1894-1895 and had been rebudded on sprouts from the base. Most of the propagations of this variety have been taken from the Carney grove." (Webber, 1943, p 506-507)

"It is widely planted in Florida and is grown to some extent in Texas, Arizona, and Louisiana. It has been introduced and tested in most citrus sections of the world but is not an importantvariety anywhere outside the United States. It hasnot proved successful in California, where the Washington Navel matures at the same time and produces a superior fruit in size, quality, and seelessness." "Before 1920, this was the leading early season orange cultivar but it has been largely replaced by Hamlin because of Parson Brown's seediness and lower yields." (Jackson and Davies, 1999, pp 75-76)

"Its popularity in Florida continues to diminish as it has for many years and in its place Roble is the preferred growers' choice. It has never achieved any significant importance in any other citrus industry as a dual purpose variety, as did Hamlin, because of its seediness and fruit size." (Saunt, 2000, p 28)

"Fruit medium-large, globose; base with short, radial furrows; areole indistinct; moderately seedy. Well-colored under favorable conditions. Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and moderately pebbled. Flesh color dull orange; firm, juicy; well-flavored. Very early in maturity, possibly the eaerliest. Tree vigorous, large, and productive." (Hodgson, 1967, p 449)

"...matures during October to December. Fruit has 10-20 seeds and a thick, lsightly pebbled peel, which loses the green color very slowly. The quality is moderate, and the juice color superior to Hamlin, although many purport that juice color is superior to that of Hamlin. Parson Brown is used for processing." (Jackson and Davies, 1999, pp 75-76)

"It matures in October and November in Florida. The flesh and juice are not well coloured [sic] compared with latr varieties such as Pineapple and Valencia. However, it is sweet and well flavoured [sic] and the juice content is high." (Saunt, 2000, p 28)

"A typical mid-season seedy sweet orange that is seedier than most sweets in the collection." (EM Nauer, 02/08/1988)

(Compiled by RR Krueger, 08/27/2009)

This orange is described in [Hodgson, 1967] pp 453, as "Shamouti Masry (Khalily White, Egyptian Shamouti)". Variety Collect(ion) trees and fruit look like Shamouti. (EM Nauer, 03/1987)

Close examination of 10 fruit of each indicates that this and CRC 3746 {= PI 539617] are identical. (EM Nauer, 02/08/1988)

Notes from W.P. Bitters's trip to Japan 1963: "Very small fruit, yellow to yellowish brown, rind 3 mm thick, hollow core, 3 seeds, juicy, rich, very little rag, tangelo taste, appears polyembryonic, too small for commercial use, try as rootstock."

Small to medium sized mandarin, very puffy, sweet but very overripe now. (E.M. Nauer, 03/1987)

A strange mandarin. Very light orange, almost just dark yellow. Puffy, moderately rough rind. Peels and sections well. Flesh light orange, very juicy and sweet, almost acidless. Seeds large, about 1 per section. Section membranes very tough to chew. (E.M. Nauer, 01/18/1989)

Tanaka (1961) considers 'Kabuchi', 'Keraji', and 'Oto' to be "...three closely related cultigens...compris[ing] an isolated group ... characterized by yellow soft [skin] of very early maturity borne on twigs bearing distinctly winged broad [leaves]. Only the first is known in Japan mainland, as being cultivated in Kagoshima Pref. for a long time, while the last two are exclusively Okinawa Citrus." In addition to the previous description, Tanaka (1961) states that the seeds are polyembryonic and that "the aroma of the rind was very fragrant...[t]he pulp was extremely sweet, meaty, fragrant and almost without acidity, being very good quality." Yamamoto et al. (2004) collected fruit described as 'Keraji' from five locations and fruit labelled as 'Kabuchi' from seven locations. Three of the collections of 'Keraji' were found to be "'Keraji'-like" with smooth rind textures and few seeds, whereas the two other collections of 'Keraji' had fruit that were "'Kabuchi'-like" with rough rind textures and seedier fruit. Isozyme analysis showed the same pattern. Likewise, Tanaka (1961 pp. 92-96) described some differences in 'Keraji' fruit obtained from different geographic areas. Thus is appears that there is sometimes mis-identification of these two similar cultivars. At this time, the 'Kabuchi' accession is still in quarantine and it will be several years before it is released and its fruit evaluated and compared with the 'Keraji' accession. (R.R. Krueger, 2021-09-03)

Information and pictures of 'Keraji' from the University of California Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

"C. sunki is considered to be native to China and is said to be a widely employed rootstock in China and Taiwan." (Hodgson, 1967, pp 525-526)

"Differs from the sweet mandarin orange in having smaller fruits with intensely acid pulp. The type of this variety is the sour mandarin called sand#252;n kat in Cantonese, propagated from seed in the Swatow region of Kwantung, where it is commonly used as a rootstock for grafting. G.W. Groff in 1918, in a manuscript report covering his work on citrus done in China under Swingle's supervision for the former Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, described the sand#252;n kat as follows:

"'Fruits slightly depressed-globose, 2.9-3.3 cm long, 3.3-3.6 cm diam., with smooth, loose peel about 4 mm thick, capucine yellow (Ridgway, pl. 3) when ripe; oil glands small, round, far apart, fragrant; segments 9, easily separated; segment walls thin, tender, white; core 6-8 mm diam., soft; pulp deep chrom yellow (Ridgway, pl. 3), composed of small, short, pulp-vesicles, clinging together but irregularly arranged and easily broken; juice reddish yellow, very sour; seeds about 9, rounded at one end, pointed at the other, showing white parallel lines from base to tip; leaves lanceolate-elliptical, blades 6.8 X 2.5 cm, rather acutely cuneate at the base and narrowed to a blunt apex, with about 10 pairs of lateral veins; petioles nearly wingless.'

"This variety is widely grown about Swatow, China, where it is used as a rootstock upon which to graft the Ponkan or mi-tong-kan ("honey pot orange") and other famous varieties widely exported from Swatow.

"Probably some of the other sour mandarins called kat by the Cantonese are forms of this variety. Some of the so-called kat varieties with large fruits, which as they ripen may become sweet enough to eat, are probably hybrids between the variety austera and the sweet mandarin, C. reticulata, or the sweet orange, C. sinensis." (Swingle, 1943, p 415; Swingle and Reece, 1967, pp 381-382)

A small sour mandarin. (EM Nauer, 03/1987)

Sunki is widely used as a rootstock in China but has not had extensive evaluation in other areas. It is tolerant of tristeza and xyloporosis but susceptible to exocortis. Sunki is reported to be susceptible to Phytophthora but has survived well in some trials. It is also said to be tolerant of blight-like diseases in Brazil. Trees propagated on Sunki are reported to be highly salt tolerant, moderately cold hardy, and only slightly susceptible to chlorosis on calcareous soils. Trees on Sunki have been reported to be smaller than standard in China and Texas but large in Florida and California. Fruit yield and quality are at least equivalent to trees on sour orange or Cleopatra mandarin. Sunki is polyembryonic but has a higher proportion of zygotic seedlings than many other rootstocks. (Summarized from Wutscher, 1979, p 251; Castle, 1987, pp 373-374; Castle et al, 1993, p 25)

This is the "standard" accession of 'Sunki'. A recently received selection is RRUT 444. (RR Krueger, 07/09/2009)

This is obviously NOT a sour orange and probably doesn't even have a small percentage of sour orange in it. This season there is a heavy crop of grapefruit sized fruit; these fruit resemble grapefruit but have rougher and thicker rind. Let's put this accession in with the pummelo hybrids for now. It doesn't seem to have any value so probably should discard it soon. WPB thinks it may be pur pummelo. (EM Nauer, 02/24/1988)

Mis-labelled. Appears to be pummelo seedling of no particular value. (EM Nauer, 10/1988)

Mislabelled for a very long time?why has this been kept for so long? (TJ Siebert, 01/2011)

As stated, 'Gadadehi' is supposed to be a sour orange or sour orange hybrid. Therefore, this pummelo-like thing is inactivated. (RR Krueger, 05/17/2011)

Lue Gim Gong is described in TCI, Vol. I, pp 460: "This so-called Florida variety in all respects is indistinguishable from Valencia. In all probability, it represents a nucellar clonal budline of that variety and hence should be called Lue Gim Gong Valencia." Fruit compared to Olinda Valencia: Appears very similar if not identical. (EM Nauer, 06/1989)

The early history of 'Lue Gim Gong' is given in Glen Saint Mary Nurseries Co (1911) and Taylor and Gould (1913) (Note: Links to references are in the Citations). More biographical information on Mr. Lue is available from Wikipedia and West Volusia Historical Society. The early history of 'Lue Gim Gong' was filled with excitement and promise. Glen Saint Mary Nurseries Co (1911) stated that "The fruit has been known to hang on the trees, two, three and even four years in an edible state. There is no question but that this variety marks the beginning of a new era in late orange culture." This same reference makes note that 'Lue Gim Gong' won the Silver Wilder Medal in 1911, the first (and only) citrus fruit to do so. (Note: the only other citrus-related recipient is HB Frost in 1966.) Note, however, the comment made two years later.

Alas, the bloom was soon off the rose (or the orange blossom, as the case may be) for 'Lue Gim Gong'. By 1943, Webber (1943) stated that "The fruits not only are late but it is asserted that they may be held on the tree for several seasons. In California they drop little if held beyond their season of maturing, but apparently they dry out and deteriorateas rapidly as do Valencia...Lue Gim Gong is planted to some extent in Florida but there is no indication that it is superseding the Valencia...". By 1967, as noted by Hodgson (1967), it was "still planted to a limited extent in Florida".

Currently, 'Lue Gim Gong' is little planted in Florida (or anywhere else). According to Michael Kesinger, Chief of the Florida DPI Citrus Budwood Program (personal communication, 07/08/2008): "No Lue Gim Gong propagations have been made in the last five years. I did notice in 1996-1997 that 370 trees were propagated in Florida. We never considered Lue Gim Gong to differ much in maturity from normal Valencia lines. I recollect 20 years ago, a larger citrus grower tracking maturity data on Lue Gim Gong and Pope Oranges and I believe their conclusion was that there was no appreciable difference from regular Valencias. We have one registered selection at our new Chiefland greenhouses: LUE GIM GONG F-53-18."

Extensive descriptions of 'Lue Gim Gong' are available in Taylor and Gould (1913) and Webber (1943). Images are avalilable from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. (RR Krueger, 07/2008)