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Sacajawea is the result of a cross of OSU 43.091 x Sant Pere made in 1990 by Shawn A. Mehlenbacher and David C. Smith. 'Sant Pere', a minor cultivar from Tarragona (Spain) with very early nut maturity, was described by Tasias-Valls (1975). We believe that OSU 43.091 resulted from self-pollination of Montebello, which is partially self-compatible (Mehlenbacher and Smith, 1991). Alternatively, the pollen parent of OSU 43.091 might be an unknown cultivar or OSU selection. `Montebello', a Sicilian cultivar, was described by Manzo and Tamponi (1982) and is grown under many synonyms, including Nocchione, Nostrale, Comune di Sicilia, Siciliana, and `Santa Maria del Gesu.

Hybrid seeds from the cross OSU 43.091 x Sant Pere were harvested in Aug. 1990, stratified, and the resulting seedlings grown in the greenhouse during the summer of 1991. In Oct. 1991, 135 seedlings from this cross were planted in the field. The location designation OSU 540.130 for Sacajawea indicates the row and tree within the row of the original seedling. A few nuts were first observed on the original seedling in Sept. 1994 but were not harvested. Nuts were harvested and evaluated in each of the next 4 years. The selected tree was propagated by tieoff layerage of the suckers in the summer of 1997. The resulting rooted layers were lined out in a nursery row in 1998 and used to plant a replicated yield trial in the spring of 1999 at the Smith Horticulture Research Farm in Corvallis. Four trees of each genotype were planted in a randomized complete block design with a single tree of each genotype in each block. Oregon's leading cultivar, `Barcelona', and the recently released `Lewis and `Clark were included as checks. Nuts were harvested and evaluated annually for 5 years (2001 to 2005). The name was chosen to honor the Shoshone woman who accompanied Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their Corps of Discovery to the Oregon Territory. They spent the winter of 1805 to 1806 near Astoria, OR.

Sacajawea is a new hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivar for the kernel market. It combines a high level of quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller with excellent kernel quality and acceptable nut yields. Compared with Oregon's leading cultivar, Barcelona, Sacajawea has slightly smaller trees, slightly higher nut yield efficiency, earlier nut maturity, higher percentage of kernel (the ratio of kernel to nut weight), and better pellicle removal ratings. The excellent kernel quality is comparable to the best Italian cultivars.

Flowering characteristics
- Incompatibility alleles: S2S10 (only S10 expressed in the pollen)
- Time of pollen shed: Midseason (about the same time as 'Daviana')
- Catkin density: Many catkins
- Duration of pollen shed: Short Nut characteristics (Figure 2)
- Size: Slightly larger than 'Casina'
- Blanching: Poor removal of pellicle
- Maturity: Few days before 'Barcelona'

Pest tolerance
- Eastern filbert blight: Complete resistance from 'Gasaway'
- Kernel mold: Very low
- Big bud mite: Intermediate (similar to 'Casina')

Important note: This cultivar should not be used as the only pollinizer in a planting. It is a suitable pollinizer for 'Lewis' and 'Barcelona', blooms too early for 'Clark', and is incompatible with 'Casina'. The seedling tree growth was vigorous.

The Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of a new hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivar 'Yamhill' for the kernel market with high nut yields, early-maturing nuts, high percent kernel, very good kernel quality, resistance to bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae Nal.), and complete resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller.

'Yamhill' (OSU 542.102) resulted from a cross of OSU 296.082 x VR 8-32 made in 1990. OSU 296.082 is a seedling from a cross of OSU 17.068 (= 'Barcelona' x 'Tombul Ghiaghli') x 'Willamette', and VR 8-32 is from a cross of the Sicilian cultivar 'Montebello' and the obsolete pollinizer 'Gasaway'. Compared to the standard 'Barcelona', 'Yamhill' has smaller trees, higher nut yields per tree, and much higher nut yield efficiency. Nuts of 'Yamhill' are smaller (2.3 g) than those of 'Barcelona' (3.8 g) and have a higher percent kernel (49% vs. 43%). The nuts fall free of the husk at maturity and can be mechanically harvested 10 to 15 days earlier than 'Barcelona'. The kernels fill the nuts well even with a heavy crop. Raw kernels are attractive, having little fiber on their light brown pellicles. Blanching ratings are equal to 'Barcelona', indicating that about half of the pellicle is removed by dry heat. Kernel quality is suitable for many end uses, and is competitive with kernels imported from Turkey. The frequency of blanks, poorly filled nuts, and doubles is less than for 'Barcelona'. 'Yamhill' has a low frequency of moldy kernels, which was especially striking in 2005 when mold was a problem on 'Lewis' and many other genotypes. 'Yamhill' has complete resistance to eastern filbert blight, conferred by a dominant allele from 'Gasaway'.

'Yamhill' has incompatibility alleles S8 and S26. Both alleles are expressed in the stigmas, but only S8 is expressed in the pollen. Pollen shed and female receptivity occur early in the season, about with 'Barcelona'. Pollinizers that shed pollen in early midseason are recommended. We recommend one-third each of 'Gamma' (S2 S10) and 'Santiam' (S3 S15) which shed pollen early in the season and have a short shedding time. For the remaining third, a mixture of later-shedding types is recommended, of which several are suitable: 'Delta' (S1 S15), 'Epsilon' (S1 S4), 'Zeta' (S1 S1) and OSU 703.007 (S1 S3). All four have complete resistance to eastern filbert blight.