Taxon:  Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Citrus Sweet Orange Group)



Summary
Genus:
Citrus
Family:
Rutaceae
Subfamily:
Aurantioideae
Tribe:
Aurantieae
Subtribe:
Citrinae
Nomen number:
10782
Place of publication:
Reise Ostindien 250.  1765
Comment:
or Citrus × aurantium Sweet Orange Group
Verified:
03/06/2020 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
750 (325  active, 233  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)
Seed

Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
  2. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
  3. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  4. Cano, A. & A. Bermejo. 2011. Influence of rootstock and cultivar on bioactive compounds in citrus peel. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91:1702-1711.
  5. Chen, C. et al. 2008. EST-SSR genetic maps for Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata. Tree Genet. Genomes 4:1-10.
  6. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
  7. Citrus Crop Germplasm Committee. 1995. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
  8. Courboulex, M. & H. de Lorrain. 1997. Les agrumes: oranges, citron, pamplemousses, kumquats. Note: re. French common names
  9. Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986-1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols.
  10. Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  11. Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
  12. Elevitch, C. R., ed. The traditional tree initiative: species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry (on-line resource). Note:
    • Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai'i
    • http://www.traditionaltree.org/
  13. Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage Note: lists as Citrus sinensis (L.) Pers.
  14. Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage
  15. Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants Kampong Publications.
  16. Federici, C. T. et al. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:812-822. Note: this study included three samples of Citrus sinensis that grouped within the mandarin cluster
  17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
  18. Froelicher, Y. et al. 2011. New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny. Tree Genet. Genomes 7:49-61.
  19. Garcia-Lor, A. et al. 2013. A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the 'true citrus fruit trees' group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 111:1-19. Note: this study found that the genomic composition of Citrus sinensis did not support a F1 or BC1 origin involving C. maxima and C. reticulata
  20. Grosser, J. W. et al. 2000. Somatic hybridization in Citrus: an effective tool to facilitate variety improvement. In Vitro Cell. Developmental Biol., Plant 36:434-449. Note: this review cites complex hybrids involving Citrus sinensis for both scion and graft stock improvement
  21. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  22. Hackett, C. & J. Carolane. 1982. Edible Horticultural Crops Academic Press.
  23. Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
  24. Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
  25. Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
  26. Li, X. et al. 2010. The origin of cultivated Citrus as inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and chloroplast DNA sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism fingerprints. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 135:341-350.
  27. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
  28. Long, R. W. & O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida.
  29. Mabberley, D. J. 1997. A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae). Telopea 7:171. Note: = Citrus aurantium Sweet Orange Group
  30. Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
  31. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
  32. Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:91.
  33. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  34. Ortega-Sada, J. L. 1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
  35. Pajaujis Anonis, D. 1993. Flower oils and floral compounds in perfumery. Note: lists as Citrus sinensis L.
  36. Penjor, T. et al. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on matK gene sequences. PLoS One 8(4): e62574. Note: this study included two cultivars of Citrus sinensis that grouped within the pummelo cluster
  37. Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
  38. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  39. Rao, N. M. et al. 2011. Chapter 3. Citrus. In: Kole, C., ed., Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Tropical and subtropical fruits 43-59.
  40. Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
  41. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
  42. Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. Note: re. German common names
  43. Scora, R. W. et al. 1982. Contribution to the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae). Syst. Bot. 7:170-177. Note: this study confirmed by electrophoresis the maternal role of Citrus sinensis in the origins of the grapefruit
  44. Staten, S. 2006. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
  45. Swingle, W. T. & P. C. Reece. 1967. The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives.
  46. Tanaka, T. 1954. Species problem in Citrus: a critical study of wild and cultivated units of Citrus, based upon field studies in their native homes. In: Tanaka, T., Revisio Aurantiacearum. 9:124. Note: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Tokyo.
  47. Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
  48. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  49. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  50. Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 2:138.
  51. Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
  52. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Citrus ×aurantium L.
  53. Wu, G. A. et al. 2014. Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication. Nat. Biotechnol. 32:656-662.
  54. Xu, Q. et al. 2013. The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Nat. Genet. 45:59-66. Note: this study sequenced the genome of a "double haploid line derived from the anther culture" of Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia
  55. Yaacob, O. & S. Subhadrabandhu. 1995. The production of economic fruits in South-East Asia
Common names
Distribution

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=10782. Accessed 29 October 2026.