References:

1. Arechavaleta, M. et al., eds. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2005 (L Cabo Verde)
2. Bor, N. L. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan. (Grass BCIP)
3. Brunken, J. N. 1979. Morphometric variation and the classification of Pennisetum section Brevivalvula (Gramineae) in tropical Africa Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 79:51-64.
4. Chemisquy, M. A. et al. 2010. Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): a combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106:128.
5. CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
6. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. Flora zambesiaca. (F Zamb)
7. FNA Editorial Committee Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). (Ecocrop)
9. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). (L Brasil Online)
10. George, A. S., ed. Flora of Australia. (F Aust)
11. Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim. (F Bhutan)
12. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. (pers. comm.)
13. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards Flora of Ethiopia. 1989- (and Eritrea. 2000) (F Ethiop)
14. Holm, L. G. et al. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. (World Worst Weeds)
15. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). (Pacif I Ecosyst Risk)
16. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). (Aust Pl Common Names)
17. Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2. (F WT Afr)
18. Lazarides, M. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia. 1980 (Grass SEAs)
19. Meyer, M. H. 2012. Chapter 3. Ornamental grasses in the United States Hort. Rev. 39:121-152.
20. Plant Protection and Quarantine Office United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Federal noxious weed list (on-line resource). (USDA/APHIS)
21. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). (Pl Names)
22. Rehm, S. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. 1994 (Dict Rehm)
23. Schmelzer, G. H. & J.-F. Renno 1999. Genotypic variation in progeny of the agamic grass complex Pennisetum section Brevivalvula in west Africa Pl. Syst. Evol. 215:71-83.
24. Shukla, U. Grasses of north-eastern India. 1996 (Grass NE India)
25. Sreekumar, P. V. & V. J. Nair Flora of Kerala - grasses. (Grass Kerala)
26. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
27. Zon, A. P. M. van der Graminées du Cameroun. 1992 (Grass Camer)

Images:

• Disseminule drawings\; A-B: Spikelet in two views; C-D: floret in two views; E-F: caryopsis in two views: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Embryo drawing: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing