Taxon: Cassytha filiformis L.

Summary

Genus:

Cassytha

Family:

Lauraceae

Nomen number:

400199

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:35. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

10/04/1994 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

No images

Links

Forestry Images – from www.forestryimages.org

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flore du Cameroun.
Boggan, J. et al. 1992. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas
Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials.
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Howard, R. 1988. Flora of the lesser Antilles. 4:253.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
Kress, W. J. et al. 2003. A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45
Lebrun, J. P. & A. L. Stork. 1991-. Énumération des plantes à fleurs d'Afrique tropicale. Note: Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève
Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.
Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
Wanderley, M. G. L., ed. 2001-. Flora fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	seq	Citation
English	bush-dodder		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	dodder-laurel		1	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
English	false dodder		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	lovevine		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	seashore-dodder		1	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.
English	woevine		1	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.
Chinese	wu gen teng	无根藤	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
French	liane ficelle		2	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.
Hawaiian	kauna'oa malolo		2	Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
Hawaiian	kauna'oa pehu		2	Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
Hawaiian	kauna'oa uka		2	Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
Hawaiian	pololo		2	Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
Portuguese (Brazil)	cipó-chumbo		2	Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Spanish (Cuba)	bejuco de fideo		2	Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
Spanish (Puerto Rico)	cabellos de ángel		2	Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Chad			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Somalia			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Angola			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Benin			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Côte D'Ivoire			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Ghana			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Liberia			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Senegal			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Sierra Leone			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Togo			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Central African Republic			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Congo			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Gabon			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar			Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius			Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion			Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Fujian Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangdong Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hainan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hunan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Zhejiang Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Kyushu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Ryukyu Islands		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar			Kress, W. J. et al. 2003. A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Singapore			Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	New South Wales		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Northern Territory		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Queensland		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Western Australia		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida	s.	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Quintana Roo		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Wanderley, M. G. L., ed. 2001-. Flora fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Anguilla			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cayman Islands			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Hispaniola			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Vincent and Grenadines			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.

Native
Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Somalia, Chad
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Benin, Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China [Fujian Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Guizhou Sheng, Hainan Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands], Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka
INDO-CHINA: Myanmar
MALESIA: Singapore

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, Northern Territory]

Northern America

SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Florida (s.)]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British)
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil

Naturalized
Africa

SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. Flora of the West Indies (on-line resource).
Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials.
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
Kress, W. J. et al. 2003. A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45
Wanderley, M. G. L., ed. 2001-. Flora fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Harmful organism host	crop diseases		Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.
Materials	gum/resin	in paper-making	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Materials	tannin/dyestuff	source of a brown dye	Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Weed	parasite		Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):142-144.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=400199. Accessed 31 October 2026.