Taxon: Pteris vittata L.

Summary

Genus:

Pteris

Family:

Pteridaceae

Nomen number:

401988

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:1074. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

04/21/1995 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Pteris diversifolia Sw.
Pteris diversifolia Sw. var. diversifolia

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Carrisso, L. W. et al., eds. 1937-. Conspectus florae angolensis.
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
Gibbs Russell, G. E. et al. 1985, 1987. List of species of Southern African plants, ed. 2. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa Note: v. 51. 1985; v. 56. 1987
Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
León, B. et al. 2012. Los helechos ornamentales en el Perú (The ornamental ferns of Peru) Note: Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima. Peru, and Museo de Historia Natural U.N.M.S.M.
Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
Mickel, J. T. 1994. Ferns for American gardens Macmillan Publishing Company.
Nayar, B. K. & K. K. Geevarghese. 1993. Fern flora of Malabar.
Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1989. Part II. (13. Pteridaceae - 15. Dennstaedtiaceae). In: Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze, eds., Pteridophyta of Peru. Fieldiana, Botany new ser. 22:81.
Tu, C. et al. 2002. Arsenic accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake and its utilization potential for phytoremediation. J. Environm. Qual. 31:1671-1675.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	Chinese brake	1	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
English	Chinese ladder brake	1	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
English	ladder brake	1	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania		incl. Pemba, Zanzibar	Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Cabo Verde			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias		Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Somalia			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Yemen	Arkhabīl Suquţrá		Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Libya			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Angola
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Lesotho
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia			Gibbs Russell, G. E. et al. 1985, 1987. List of species of Southern African plants, ed. 2. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa Note: v. 51. 1985; v. 56. 1987
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Cape Province
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Free State
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	KwaZulu-Natal
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Transvaal
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Ghana			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Burundi			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Comoros			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Anhui Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Gansu Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangdong Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hubei Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangxi Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Sichuan Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xizang Zizhiqu		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng		Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Honshu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Kyushu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Ryukyu Islands		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Shikoku		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Nayar, B. K. & K. K. Geevarghese. 1993. Fern flora of Malabar.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	Papua New Guinea			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Queensland		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Victoria		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Western Australia		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete	Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sicily	Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain			Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
1	Native	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
2	Cultivated					also cult.	Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	British Indian Ocean Terr	Diego Garcia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
4	Naturalized	Northern America		Mexico			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	District of Columbia		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Montserrat			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Kitts and Nevis			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad		Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)			Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.

Native
Africa

MACARONESIA: Cabo Verde, Spain [Canarias]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Yemen [Arkhabīl Suquţrá]
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania (incl. Pemba, Zanzibar), Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ghana
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa [Cape Province, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Guizhou Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Xizang Zizhiqu, Yunnan Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku], Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal
PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
INDO-CHINA: Thailand
MALESIA: Philippines

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia]

Europe

SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Greece (incl. Crete), Italy (incl. Sicily)
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain

Pacific

NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: United States [Northern Mariana Islands]

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized
Africa

WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: British Indian Ocean Terr [Diego Garcia]

Europe

MIDDLE EUROPE: Hungary
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: France

Northern America

SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, Mississippi]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California]
REGION: Mexico

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Palau, United States [Guam]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad], United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], Virgin Islands (British)
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina

Reference(s)

Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America. 2:133.
Gibbs Russell, G. E. et al. 1985, 1987. List of species of Southern African plants, ed. 2. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa Note: v. 51. 1985; v. 56. 1987
Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054.
Nayar, B. K. & K. K. Geevarghese. 1993. Fern flora of Malabar.
Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:1-389.
Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	ornamental		Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora.
Environmental	pollution control	for arsenic accumulation	Tu, C. et al. 2002. Arsenic accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake and its utilization potential for phytoremediation. J. Environm. Qual. 31:1671-1675.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=401988. Accessed 8 November 2026.