References:

1. Govaerts, R. et al. 2000. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae
2. Haevermans, T. et al. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan Euphorbia subgenus Lacanthis based on its sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91:247-259.
3. Park, K.-R. & R. K. Jansen. 2007. A Phylogeny of Euphorbieae subtribe Euphorbiinae (Euphorbiaceae) based on molecular data. J. Pl. Biol. 50:644-649.
4. Park, K.-R. & W. J. Elisens. 2000. A phylogenetic study of tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 161:425-434.
5. Steinmann, V. W. & J. M. Porter. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89:453-490.
6. Yang, Y. et al. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 61:764-789.

Synonyms (=), probable synonyms (=~), and possible synonyms (~):

• (=) Ademo Post & Kuntze
  (=) Adenopetalum Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Adenorima Raf.
  (=) Agaloma Raf.
  (=) Aklema Raf.
  (=) Alectoroctonum Schltdl.
  (=) Allobia Raf.
  (=) Anisophyllum Haw.
  (=) Anthacantha Lem.
  (=) Aplarina Raf.
  (=) Arthrothamnus Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Bojeria Raf.
  (=) Ceraselma Wittst.
  (=~) Chamaesyce Gray
  (=) Characias Gray
  (=) Chylogala Fourr.
  (=) Ctenadena Prokh.
  (=) Cubanthus (Boiss.) Millsp.
  (=) Cyathophora Raf.
  (=) Cystidospermum Prokh.
  (=) Dactylanthes Haw.
  (=) Dematra Raf.
  (=) Desmonema Raf.
  (=) Dichrophyllum Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Dichylium Britton
  (=) Diplocyathium Heinr. Schmidt
  (=) Ditritra Raf.
  (=) Elaeophorbia Stapf
  (=) Endadenium L. C. Leach
  (=) Endoisila Raf.
  (=) Epurga Fourr.
  (=) Esula (Pers.) Haw.
  (=) Euforbia Ten., orth. var.
  (=) Eumecanthus Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Euphorbiastrum Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Euphorbiodendron Millsp.
  (=) Euphorbiopsis H. Lév.
  (=) Euphorbium Hill
  (=) Galarhoeus Haw.
  (=) Kanopikon Raf.
  (=) Kobiosis Raf.
  (=) Lacanthis Raf.
  (=) Lathyris Trew
  (=) Lepadena Raf.
  (=) Leptopus Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Lophobios Raf.
  (=) Lortia Rendle
  (=) Lyciopsis (Boiss.) Schweinf.
  (=) Medusea Haw.
  (=) Monadenium Pax
  (=) Murtekias Raf.
  (=) Nisomenes Raf.
  (=) Ossifraga Rumph.
  (=) Peccana Raf.
  (=~) Pedilanthus Neck. ex Poit.
  (=) Petalandra F. Muell. ex Boiss.
  (=) Pleuradena Raf.
  (=) Poinsettia Graham
  (=) Pythius B. D. Jacks.
  (=) Sclerocyathium Prokh.
  (=) Stenadenium Pax
  (=) Sterigmanthe Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Synadenium Boiss.
  (=) Tithymalopsis Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Tithymalus Hill
  (=) Tithymalus Gaertn.
  (=) Torfasadis Raf.
  (=) Treisia Haw.
  (=) Tricherostigma Boiss.
  (=) Trichosterigma Klotzsch & Garcke
  (=) Tumalis Raf.
  (=) Vallaris Raf.
  (=) Xamesike Raf.
  (=) Zalitea Raf.
  (=) Zygophyllidium (Boiss.) Small
  

Subdivisions of Euphorbia L.:

Images:

• Disseminule drawings\; A: Seed; B: embryo in situ; C: transection of seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Disseminule drawings\; A-B: Seed in two views; C: embryo in situ; D: transection of seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Embryo drawing: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Embryo drawing: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Fruit: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seeds: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image