References:

1. Koopman, W. J. M. et al. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca (Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 85:1517-1530.
2. Koopman, W. J. M. et al. 2001. Species relationships in Lactuca s.l. (Lactuceae, Asteraceae) inferred from AFLP fingerprints. Amer. J. Bot. 88:1881-1887.
3. Lebeda, A. et al. 2004. Geographical distribution of wild Lactuca species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 70:328-356.
4. Wang, Z.-H. et al. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of the Lactuca alliance (Cichorieae subtribe Lactucinae, Asteraceae) with focus on their Chinese centre of diversity detects potential events of reticulation and chloroplast capture. PLoS One 8(12): e82692.

Synonyms (=), probable synonyms (=~), and possible synonyms (~):

• (~) Cicerbita Wallr.
  (=~) Lactucella Nazarova
  (=) Lactucopsis Vis. & Pančić
  (=~) Lagedium Soják
  (=~) Mulgedium Cass.
  (~) Paraprenanthes C. C. Chang ex C. Shih
  (=) Phaenixopus Cass.
  (=) Phaenopus DC.
  (=~) Pterocypsela C. Shih
  (=~) Scariola F. W. Schmidt
  (=~) Steptorhamphus Bunge
  (=) Wiestia Sch. Bip.
  

Subdivisions of Lactuca L.:

Images:

• Disseminule drawings\; A: Fruit; B: fruit outline showing entire pappus; C: embryo in situ; D: transection of fruit: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Embryo drawing: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image